Regarding the "mode of communication", (alternative news)
Mark Poster contended that "in this circle there are not, at this point unadulterated demonstrations; there are just phonetically changed portrayals that are the demonstrations themselves. These ideas show the absolutely new character of the semantic experience, a character that is significant in recreating the social world including altogether new structures of domination.
Students of history focused on the task of liberation, whether from a liberal perspective, whether from a Marxist perspective or of another sort, ought to be worried about investigating the mode of data, an undertaking where the theory of the mode of creation won't serve them as incredible assistance ".
Electronic media and printing
What separates the electronic media from the print machine is its various administration limit, which is exceptionally intricate. The print machine discharges signifiers beginning from a source, the PC gets signifiers that come to it from all over; While the print machine broadens the "impact" of the conveying subject or the imparting text, the PC approves the beneficiary of the signifiers to control the producer. The focuses of force become panoptic beneficiaries whose "memory" is another structure of domination.
A financier stores by PC the monetary and individual conduct of his customers and imparts them to other brokers or business people at a cost. The informative experience has been adjusted. Electronic media advance dispersal of the local area, and yet work with its observing.
The equivalent occurs with plastic cash. "Mastercards" are not the banner of the millennium's end, as Giles Lipovetsky neglectfully contended. In actuality, they comprise an attack on protection as long as they are utilized as a wellspring of information that are sold in an equal illicit market. The data, which a huge number of individuals leave each day in the regulatory cycle where plastic cash is utilized, infers realizing utilization propensities and even the cozy existences of individuals. The equivalent occurs with the work market where the "boycotts" course among the business combinations, leaving in the road any individual who goes against a bad form or sue for simply demands.
In the midst of constrained joblessness, of primary joblessness, where a colossal work "save armed force" is reinsured, that covers types of subjugation and arrives at instances of subjection with the undocumented, this kind of observation turns into a severe weapon, significantly more than the utilization of scabs or "strikebreakers" of the mid 20th century. The equivalent happens with the clinical data aggregated in sanatoriums and medical clinics, in wellbeing communities or in private facilities, whose utilization outside the particular structure turns into an important plunder of classified data.
The market, then, is additionally changed. Semiologists have investigated the structure of connotation of publicizing and demand the distinction of the signifier and the recoding of the merchandise. Electronic media favor this sort of cycle.
We should return to Mark Poster, who in his examination Foucault, the present and history, clearly portrays the connection between the PC and the individual who utilizes it: "One doesn't compose on the PC," he says, "as on a clear piece of paper. In the first place, the pixels that light up on the screen as indicated by specific structures are not like the highlights of ink or pencil. (alternative media)
They are 'insignificant' signs, not attributes that comply with the guideline of kindness. The soul of the administrator is confronted, not with the opposition of issue, but rather with a screen whose ontological condition is new, half material, half ideal. Text on a PC screen blurs however much a speaker's words can blur and can be in a split second amended or changed.
Here is another reality. Without turning out to be completely along these lines, the PC mostly acts like a cerebrum. That is, you can get to put away information bases that seem as though memory and that foster a portion of its capacities. The PC can supplant a talking discussion, pilot machines, it can act in communication in the spot of individuals. There is no uncertainty that we are confronted with a rationale unique in relation to the Cartesian one that chips away at the universe of nature and that the new specialists (robots) should be considered.
How does the humanism of opportunity manage the present circumstance?
How to see the authoritarian viewpoints covered up in an undemocratic administration of the new logical innovative advances and the inconvenience of another "remarkable" belief system? How to democratize and re-socialize logical advances, which relate to the entirety of mankind, and not exclusively to monetary, social or political gatherings? Such is the issue that legitimate researchers and social analysts should reply, in which the theory of the secluded mode of creation won't help them. The appropriate response should be overpowering and not fall into Luddist wistfulness.
The new types of domination
We use here "panopticon" which synthesizes the forces of domination over individuals, people and society. Michel Foucault was quick to caution about the importance of the term because of Jeremías Bentham, who altered a book with that name toward the finish of the eighteenth century. In Watch and Punish, Foucault portrays the English law specialist as a "Fourier of a police society" and says that his book The Panopticon was "an occasion throughout the entire existence of the human soul" and was "a sort of Columbus' egg in the open country. about politic".
The French mastermind found Bentham's work by contemplating the beginnings of clinical medication, the development and engineering of clinics. Bentham made the Panopticon, a structure that on its fringe was roundabout; in the middle was a pinnacle; It was crossed by enormous windows that opened onto the internal essence of the circle. The fringe building was separated into cells, every one of which involved the whole thickness of the structure.
These cells had two windows: one open towards the inside that compares to the pinnacle windows; and another to the external that let the light pass from one side of the cell to the other. It is sufficient, then, to put a watchman in the focal pinnacle and lock up in every cell a maniac, a debilitated individual, a denounced man, a specialist or an understudy.
Through the counter-light impact, the outlines detained in the cells of the fringe anticipated and cut out in the light can be caught from the pinnacle. So, the rule of the exemplary prison was switched. Full light and the look of a guard caught better compared to shadow, which at last served a defensive capacity. (London Heathrow Airport Transfers)
Truth be told, some time before Bentham the model of working with confining perceivability had effectively been attempted with the Military School of Paris in 1755 comparable to the rooms. Every understudy needed to have a cell with glass through which he could be seen the entire night without having any contact with his colleagues, not even with the workers. There was likewise an extremely confounded system with the sole reason that the beautician could brush every one of the beneficiaries without actually contacting him: the understudy's head went through a lookout window, leaving the body on the other side of a glass segment that permitted see all that occurred. Bentham clarified at the time that his brother had visited the previously mentioned military school and it was he who had the possibility of the panopticon.
Foucault clarified the modern coercive part of engineering, aside from humanist developers, for example, the Finn Alvar Aalto and the Dutch Peter Oud. In Argentina, the development of structures for the activity of colleges - such the instance of the one in Mar del Plata-were planned during the last military autocracy, comprising an unmistakable illustration of a structure jail, where there are no spaces for exhibitions or occasions in the inside of the foundation, and the short flights of stairs, in different slants, that interconnect the inside passages, forestall the way of an enormous articulation of understudies.
"From the finish of the eighteenth century," Foucault said, "engineering starts to be connected to the issues of the populace, wellbeing, and metropolitan arranging. Previously, the specialty of building reacted, most importantly, to the need to show power, eternality, strength. The royal residence and the congregation comprised the incredible structures, to which should be added the fortifications; Power was showed, the sovereign was showed, God was showed. Engineering has since quite a while ago created around these demands. Be that as it may, toward the finish of the eighteenth century, new issues showed up: it was tied in with utilizing the association of room for financial political purposes ".
The key thought is the accompanying: in the Panopticon, every one, as per his position, is looked after by all the others, or possibly by some of them; one is within the sight of a mechanical assembly of aggregate and flowing question since it comes up short on a flat out point. Force is not, at this point significantly related to a person, just like the case with the outright ruler or the old style despot, it turns into a hardware that nobody claims. "In this machine," Foucault clarified, "no one involves a similar situation, unmistakably certain positions are prevalent and permit the creation of incomparability impacts. Along these lines, these positions can guarantee class domination similarly that they separate force from singular force ".
But this process has not only occurred in capitalist industrial society, which set in motion the entire apparatus of power, perfecting it now through the use of spy satellites. These totalitarian forms also appeared in Soviet society. Stalinism, which also corresponded to a period of capital accumulation and the establishment of autocratic power, developed the repressive forms of the Panopticon. Psychiatry was even used as a way to intimidate or torture dissidents. Many critics of the system were taken to psychiatric establishments and were considered "crazy", giving them electroshocks. The same happened in the United States with Puerto Rican prisoners,
The traditional doctrinal conceptions to understand the ideologies of political power -for example that of Bertrand de Jouvenel-, are today outdated. In 1964 Herbert Marcuse drew attention to this, especially in The One-Dimensional Man and The Carnivorous Society. Under the guise of a world increasingly shaped by technology and science, the irrationality of a model of organization of society is manifested that, instead of liberating the individual, subjugates him.
Technical rationality, instrumental reason, have reduced speech and thought to a single dimension that makes the thing and its function, reality and appearance, essence and existence agree. This "one-dimensional society" has annulled the space for critical thinking.
The answer to this situation seems to lie in the need to restore communication in the public space extended to society as a whole through the activity of social groups, applying forms of self-management that break the gear of single power. Jürgen Habermas studied it in his books Technique and Science as Ideology and in Public Space, on the demystifying forms of communication put into practice during a rebellion of Californian students and by the North American consumer movements.
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